In the context of drug use, which of the following statements is true of gateway substances?
Group of answer choices
The order of use of gateway substances determines the rate of deterioration of dopamine neurons in the mesolimbic pathway in the brain.
Most people who use gateway substances go on to become cocaine users.
Their use is the cause of later illicit drug use among young people and school students.
Their use is an early indicator of the basic pattern of deviant behavior resulting from a variety of psychosocial risk factors.
Flag question: Question 2Question 22 pts
Which of the following is a limitation of the survey questionnaire studies on drug use among adolescents and young adults?
Group of answer choices
The sample sizes used for research studies are too small.
This technique can be used only on students who are in classrooms.
The researchers who conduct these studies tend to be biased.
The results do not reflect trends in drug use over time due to fluctuating tendencies to overreport or underreport drug use.
Flag question: Question 3Question 32 pts
One of the most important protective factors for drug use is:
Group of answer choices
having to work for your spending money.
having been punished for fighting.
knowing adults who use drugs.
believing that there are strong sanctions against substance use at school.
Flag question: Question 4Question 42 pts
Which of the following statements defines the term “antecedents”?
Group of answer choices
They are characteristics that predict later initiation of drug use.
They are variables that are statistically related to some other variables, such as drug use.
They are substances that cause one to escalate to more deviant forms of drug use.
They are those forms of drug use that are not considered either normal or acceptable by the society at large.
Flag question: Question 5Question 52 pts
In one study, adolescents who smoked cigarettes were about twice as likely as nonsmokers to later use marijuana. For this reason, cigarettes have been referred to as:
Group of answer choices
addicting.
a gateway substance.
toxic.
a correlate.
Flag question: Question 6Question 62 pts
In the past 100 years, the introduction of vaccines to prevent diseases and antibiotics to cure some types of infections laid the foundation for:
Group of answer choices
illicit drug markets.
our acceptance of medicines as the cornerstone of our health care system.
many dangerous drug interactions.
the “war on drugs.”
Flag question: Question 7Question 72 pts
One of the general principles of psychoactive drugs is that every drug has ________.
Group of answer choices
effects on the heart
impurities
multiple effects
a key to some part of the mind
Flag question: Question 8Question 82 pts
Despite the limitations of survey questionnaires, they can be especially informative:
Group of answer choices
if they are done year after year because we can then look for changes over time.
about use among those who are not included in the survey.
about alcohol use because it is not illegal.
about the misuse of prescription drugs.
Flag question: Question 9Question 92 pts
One of the general principles of psychoactive drug use is that the effect of any psychoactive drug depends on ________.
Group of answer choices
the individual’s history and expectations
its legal status
the user’s diet
the user’s unique brain chemistry
Flag question: Question 10Question 102 pts
________ means that, everything else being equal, each time one takes the drug one increases slightly the probability that he or she will take it again.
Group of answer choices
Reinforcement
Altered perception
Deviant drug use
Drug misuse
Flag question: Question 11Question 112 pts
According to recent DAWN data, which of these substances is near the top of the emergency room visits list?
Group of answer choices
Alcohol-in-combination
Marijuana
Methamphetamine
Ecstasy (MDMA)
Flag question: Question 12Question 122 pts
About how many arrests are made in the U.S. each year for drug-law violations?
Group of answer choices
1,500,000
200,000
50,000
5,000
Flag question: Question 13Question 132 pts
In an annual study done by the U.S. Justice Department, people arrested for various crimes are administered urine tests to detect the presence of drugs. In 2013, about ________ percent of the adult male arrestees tested positive for at least one illicit drug.
Group of answer choices
100
between 60 and 80
0
between 10 and 30
Flag question: Question 14Question 142 pts
In the context of substance use, which of the following is the significance of the animal research that led to the positive reinforcement model?
Group of answer choices
It indicates that prescription drugs are important contributors to overall drug toxicity figures.
It implies that psychological dependence is more important than physical dependence in explaining repeated drug use.
It points out the scientific value of the concept of reinforcement for understanding physical dependence.
It proves that using one of the gateway substances causes one to escalate to more deviant forms of drug use.
Flag question: Question 15Question 152 pts
In the United States, the ________ compiles data from death certificates and in most of these a cause of death is recorded.
Group of answer choices
Monitoring the Future study (MTF)
Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Flag question: Question 16Question 162 pts
The DSM-5 does not define addiction as such, but it has diagnostic criteria for:
Group of answer choices
habituation.
substance use disorders.
chronic intoxication.
drug-associated bipolar disorder.
Flag question: Question 17Question 172 pts
In the context of substance use, ________ is defined as a procedure in which a behavioral event is followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated.
Group of answer choices
tolerance
reinforcement
antecedence
idealization
Flag question: Question 18Question 182 pts
Which of the following statements is true of psychological dependence as a characteristic of substance use?
Group of answer choices
It is the toxicity resulting from the behavioral effects of a drug.
It is the reduced effect of a drug after repeated use.
It is indicated by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome, implying that the body has become adapted to the drug’s presence.
It is indicated by the frequency of using a drug or by the amount of time or effort an individual spends in drug-seeking behavior.
Flag question: Question 19Question 192 pts
Which of the following statements best describes a drug recognition expert (DRE)?
Group of answer choices
A physician trained to recognize a variety of medication that is administered for drug-related problems
A police officer trained to examine intoxicated individuals to determine which of several classes of drugs caused the intoxication
A teacher trained to recognize the scent of burning marijuana in school premises
An emergency room personnel trained to record the actual cause behind drug-related emergency room visits in hospital emergency departments
Flag question: Question 20Question 202 pts
Jonathan had tried cocaine when he was a school student and slowly started to use it regularly. He does odd jobs to earn money for buying cocaine. When he is unable to find jobs, he even robs people. Which of the following characteristics does Jonathan exhibit in this scenario?
Group of answer choices
Behavioral toxicity
Tolerance
Physical dependence
Psychological dependence
Flag question: Question 21Question 212 pts
The Marijuana Tax Act was passed in:
Group of answer choices
1874.
1906.
1937.
1978.
Flag question: Question 22Question 222 pts
One example where the U.S. interest in international drug control has conflicted with national security issues is:
Group of answer choices
opium growing in Afghanistan.
coca growing in Peru.
marijuana growing in China.
MDMA (ecstasy) smuggling in Europe.
Flag question: Question 23Question 232 pts
An economic study of U.S. efforts to eradicate coca fields in South America indicated:
Group of answer choices
a clear linkage to higher cocaine prices in the streets in the U.S.
that fewer acres are now being planted with coca.
that we need to double our eradication efforts to have a positive effect.
that even if we produced massive disruption of one country’s supply, market forces would replace the supply within two years.
Flag question: Question 24Question 242 pts
According to the text, what drug issue is currently at the center of a conflict between state and federal laws?
Group of answer choices
Heroin and access to clean syringes
Alcohol and the legal drinking age
Drug screening in public schools
Marijuana for medical use
Flag question: Question 25Question 252 pts
According to current federal law, a fine of up to $10,000 and loss of all federal privileges (including student loans and grants) can result from conviction:
Group of answer choices
only for sale of “dealer” quantities of crack cocaine.
for possession of small amounts of a controlled substance.
for using a controlled substance, but this only applies to cocaine or heroin.
for advocating the legalization of drugs.
Flag question: Question 26Question 262 pts
In the early 1900s in the United States, fears about opium and cocaine were closely linked to:
Group of answer choices
large numbers of drug-related deaths.
gang-related violence.
minority racial groups.
public use in saloons and night clubs.
Flag question: Question 27Question 272 pts
One concern that led to the initial passage of federal drug-control legislation in 1906 was:
Group of answer choices
amphetamine abuse.
marijuana smoking.
heroin use.
patent medicines.
Flag question: Question 28Question 282 pts
From the 1920s to the 1970s, about 1 out of 1,000 Americans was in prison at any point in time. By 2008, due largely to changes in drug laws and drug enforcement, that rate:
Group of answer choices
decreased to about 0.5 per 1,000.
increased to about 1.5 per 1,000.
doubled to about 2 per 1,000.
increased to about 5 per 1,000.
Flag question: Question 29Question 292 pts
Compared to urine samples, hair samples:
Group of answer choices
can be used to test for a greater variety of drugs.
can detect drug use for up to a week.
can detect drug use for up to 90 days.
are harder to obtain.
Flag question: Question 30Question 302 pts
The 1906 U.S. law that prohibited interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs was called the ________.
Group of answer choices
Controlled Substances Act
Pure Food and Drugs Act
Prescription Drug Act
Patent Medicines Act
Flag question: Question 31Question 312 pts
Which of the following neurotransmitters is found in most parts of the brain and is considered inhibitory?
Group of answer choices
Serotonin
Dopamine
GABA
Norepinephrine
Flag question: Question 32Question 322 pts
Parasympathetic and sympathetic refer to the two branches of the:
Group of answer choices
glia.
axon.
autonomic nervous system.
limbic system.
Flag question: Question 33Question 332 pts
Which of the following is the function of the blood-brain barrier created by glia in the brain?
Group of answer choices
It is an important link between the brain and the hormonal output of the pituitary gland.
It opens the bronchi, reduces blood supply to the skin, increases the heart rate, and reduces stomach motility.
It regulates the visceral, or involuntary, functions of the body, such as heart rate and blood pressure.
It protects the brain from potentially toxic chemicals circulating in the blood.
Flag question: Question 34Question 342 pts
Which chemical pathway appears to be important both in some types of psychotic behavior and in the reinforcing properties of various drugs?
Group of answer choices
Acetylcholine pathway from the nucleus basalis
Serotonin pathway from the raphe nuclei
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
Glutamate pathway
Flag question: Question 35Question 352 pts
Whether the effect of a neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory depends on:
Group of answer choices
blood sugar level.
the type of receptor.
the rate of synthesis.
enzyme actions.
Flag question: Question 36Question 362 pts
In addition to neurons, the brain contains an even larger number of another cell type known as ________.
Group of answer choices
mitochondria
glia
serotonin
pseudopodia
Flag question: Question 37Question 372 pts
Which of the following terms is defined as the maintenance of an environment of body functions within a certain range (e.g., temperature, blood pressure)?
Group of answer choices
Apoptosis
Homeorhesis
Homeostasis
Osmosis
Flag question: Question 38Question 382 pts
A(n) ________ is defined as a mechanism in a nerve terminal membrane that is responsible for removing neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse by taking them back into the neuron.
Group of answer choices
interoceptor
receptor
transporter
nociceptor
Flag question: Question 39Question 392 pts
Parkinson’s disease produces tremors and muscular rigidity because of damage to:
Group of answer choices
acetylcholine neurons in the parasympathetic branch.
dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway.
norepinephrine neurons in the locus ceruleus.
the blood-brain barrier.
Flag question: Question 40Question 402 pts
Which of the following systems in the human brain tends to act more as a unit and is responsible to open the bronchi, reduces blood supply to the skin, increases the heart rate, and reduces stomach motility?
Group of answer choices
The lymphatic system
The sympathetic system
The limbic system
The enteric nervous system
Flag question: Question 41Question 412 pts
Richard is a researcher in a pharmaceutical company. His company develops a new drug to treat chronic joint pain in humans. He wants to check the effect of this drug on a group of elderly people. He divides the group into an experimental group and a control group. He gives the new drug to the experimental group, while he gives a noneffective look-alike drug to the control group. Both groups give the same result. Identify the effect felt by the control group, despite not taking the drug.
Group of answer choices
Specific effect
Observer effect
Nocebo effect
Placebo effect
Flag question: Question 42Question 422 pts
The group of psychoactive drugs called stimulants includes:
Group of answer choices
cocaine.
Prozac.
LSD.
heroin.
Flag question: Question 43Question 432 pts
Concussions and cerebral infections can decrease the effectiveness of:
Group of answer choices
drug metabolism.
the blood-brain barrier.
protein binding.
multiple drug doses.
Flag question: Question 44Question 442 pts
Most of our drugs originally came either directly or indirectly from:
Group of answer choices
South America.
plants.
petroleum.
German chemists.
Flag question: Question 45Question 452 pts
Regardless of the route of administration, psychoactive drugs reach the brain tissue by way of the ________.
Group of answer choices
meninges
spinal cord
bloodstream
liver
Flag question: Question 46Question 462 pts
If you want to get very high concentrations of cocaine to the brain very rapidly, which route of administration would you probably use?
Group of answer choices
Oral administration
Subcutaneous injection
Topical application
Intravenous injection
Flag question: Question 47Question 472 pts
Which of the following terms is defined as the dosage difference between an acceptable level of effectiveness and the lowest toxic dose?
Group of answer choices
Safety margin
Therapeutic index
Drug potency
Cumulative effect
Flag question: Question 48Question 482 pts
The blood-brain barrier:
Group of answer choices
is fully developed in humans when they are born.
is designed to allow all drug compounds into the brain.
cannot be penetrated, even with trauma to the brain.
prevents many drugs from entering the brain.
Flag question: Question 49Question 492 pts
________ are a group of analgesic (painkilling) drugs that produce a relaxed, dreamlike state; moderately high doses often induce sleep.
Group of answer choices
Hallucinogens
Opioids
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants
Flag question: Question 50Question 502 pts
The effects of a drug that depend on the presence of a chemical at certain concentrations in a target tissue are called ________.
Group of answer choices
placebo effects
observer effects
specific effects
nocebo effects
