In the Bakke (1978) case, the Supreme Court ruled that
a. quotas and separate admissions standards for minorities were unconstitutional but affirmative action could be used.
b. quotas and separate admissions standards for minorities were constitutional but other forms of affirmative action were unconstitutional.
c. all affirmative action policies were unconstitutional.
d. all affirmative action policies would be subject to strict scrutiny by the courts.