Blood:
Know the functions of blood:
Physical Characteristics of blood:
- Volume = 7% of body weight in kg (_____ typically have more blood than _______ because they are bigger).
- Temp is approximately 100 degrees F (slightly ______ than body temp)
- High viscosity
- Slightly alkaline (pH 7.35-7.45)…. ___________ pH < 7.35
___________ pH > 7.45
Whole blood is about half plasma and about half formed elements.
- Plasma: mostly water (>90%) plus solutes (which are mostly plasma proteins). Plasma and IF have similar compositions EXCEPT _________ has more ________ ____________.
- Formed Elements: ____________, __________, and _________.
- Blood test showing the % of whole blood that is RBC/Formed elements is the ______ ________.
RBC:
RBC are called ______________.
Structure: Contain hemoglobin, small disks, biconcave, flexible membrane, no nucleus or organelles.
High surface to volume ratio, form stacks called rouleaux, bend and flex
Function of RBC: Transport respiratory gasses (_____ and ______)
Hemoglobin structure: Hemoglobin has _______ protein subunits (that bind ______), ______ heme molecules, and _____ Iron ions (that bind _____)
Hemoglobin recycling:
- ________________ of the liver, spleen, and marrow engulf old RBC and break down hemoglobin.
- Subunits -> ______________ (released into blood and recycled)
- Iron released into blood and brought back to marrow to be recycled (carried by __________)
- Heme ->___________ (green) ->__________ (yellow). Bilirubin is a waste that is released into the blood. The ________ excretes the bilirubin into the intestines via the bile.
- Jaundice: ________ skin tone due to ________- buildup. Occurs when liver is not functioning properly (give examples).
- Sickle Cell Anemia hereditary disease linked to chromosome ___ that results in improper synthesis of ______________.
- What happens if a person is placed in an environment with carbon monoxide gas?
Erythropoiesis is ___________ production.
- Occurs in the _____ _____________ _________.
- Hemocytoblasts -> Myeloid Stem Cells -> eventually become RBC
- Requires AA, Iron, Vit B6, B12, folic acid
- Stimulated by _____________ (hormone from the kidney) and _________
Blood Type:
- Genetically determined. Displayed as the presence of RBC surface antigens ____, ____, and ____. (surface antigens are surface glycoproteins that identify a cell to the immune system)
- Blood has antibodies that attack all antigen types that are not “self”
- If appropriate, Antibodies against A and B are present at birth
- To have antibodies against Rh, the person must be _________ to Rh antigens
- Understand which antigens and which antibodies are present for any given blood type
WBC:
- Called ___________.
- General function is to defend against pathogens, remove wastes/toxins, and remove abnormal cells.
- Structure: No hemoglobin (“white”), have nuclei and organelles, spherical, larger than RBC
- Characteristics: Migrate out of blood, amoeboid movement, use positive chemotaxis, can be phagocytic (NOT basophils).
- Granulocytes include: _______________, _______________, ____________
- Agranulocytes include: ___________________, __________________
- Neutrophils: Most common, phagocytes, first to attack bacteria (“____________ ___________”), __________ inflammation by releasing prostaglandins.
- Eosinophils: Phagocytes, Release granules to kill target, effective against parasites, control inflammation, numbers increase in ___________ responses like asthma.
- Basophils: Rare, accumulate in damaged tissue and release histamine (______ inflammation) and heparin (_____ ___________ _________).
- Lymphocytes: Part of the body’s ___________ defense. Include ___ _______ (cell mediated immunity), ____ ____________ (humoral immunity/production of _ ________), and _______ (attack abnormal tissue cells)
- Monocytes: Enter tissues and become ______________. These are aggressive ___________ that engulf large pathogens.
- A __________ is a blood test that gives the # of each type of WBC in a sample of 100 (i.e. the % of each type of WBC).
- Low WBC count is ___________. (common when patient is getting _____ or ________ and in diseases like HIV/AIDS)
- High WBC count is _______________. (occurs in infection)
- Extremely high WBC count is _________
WBC Production:
- Hemocytoblasts divide to produce ______ ___________ ___________ and _______ __________ __________.
- Lymphoid stem cells become _____________ (process called lymphopoeisis)
- Myeloid stem cells become …..
- Note: Immature blood cells are called “blasts”
- Production of blood cells is stimulated by colony stimulating factors (CSFs)
- M-CSF stimulates: monocytes
- G-CSF stimulates: N, E, B
- GM-CSF stimulates: M, N, E, B
- Multi-CSF stimulates: M, N, E, B, RBC, P
Platelets:
- Called __________.
- Cell fragments that are filled with clotting factors
- Functions: Initiate clotting process, plug hole in vessel, contract to shrink hole in vessel.
- Normal platelet count: ___________ to ____________ cells per microliter of blood
- _______________: abnormally low platelet count (Bleeding (bruising, blood in stool, on gums, nose bleeds)
- _______________: abnormally high platelet count
- Thrombocytopoiesis/thrombopoiesis is platelet production… (hemocytoblasts -> myeloid stem cells -> megakaryocytes -> platelets.
- Platelet production is stimulated by _________________ and ___________ .
Hemostasis: Cessation of bleeding
- Vascular phase: Endothelial Cells contract to expose basement membrane, Release _____________ (hormones that cause smooth muscle contraction and cell division). Plasma membranes get sticky.
- Platelet phase: platelet adhesion (platelets adhere to basement membranes and sticky endothelial cells) platelet aggregation (platelets stick to each other to form a ________ ______). Activated platelets release chemicals that further activate platelets (________ feedback).
- Coagulation phase: “Blood clotting”: Blood turns from liquid to gel because of the conversion of soluble _____________ into insoluble ____________.
- Reactions are “cascade” because one leads to the next like a chain reaction.
- Utilizes Calcium and many proenzymes (inactive enzymes)
- Hemophilia is a condition where patients bleed longer because of a deficiency in __________ ___. This condition is inherited in an ____-linked recessive manner.
