1. The process of getting information into memory is called: a) encoding b) priming c) chunking d) registering
2. The process of retrieval refers to: a) the persistence of learning over time b) the organization of information into manageable units c) getting information out of memory storage d) conscious repetition of information to be remembered.
3. As compared with long-term memory, short-term memory is _________permanent and _________limited in storage capacity: a) less; more b) more;lesss c) less;less
d) more;more
4. During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day’s events. This best illustrates: a) spacing effect b) automatic processing
c) rosy retrospection d) echoic memory
5. Effortful processing can occur only with: a) conscious attention b) implicit processing c) visual imagery d) chunking
6. Students often remember more information from a one-semester course than from an intensive three-week course. This best illustrates the importance of: a) the serial position effect b) automatic processing c) implicit memory d) the spacing effect
7. Rephrasing text material in your words to be sure you understand it is an effective way of facilitating:
a) semantic encoding b) mood-congruent memory c) proactive interference d) implicit memory.
8. The organization of information into meaningful units is called: a) the spacing effect b) chunking c) long term potentiation d) memory construction
9. The cerebellum plays a critical role in ___________memory: a echoic b) implicit c) iconic d) explicit
10. The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful: a) retrieval cue b) implicit memory c) effortful encoding d) none of the above.
11. Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some old experiences with a high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on what Conseula remembered is an illustration of: a) chunking b) automatic processing c) priming d) spacing effect.
12. Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he is: a) depressed b) happy
c) relaxed d) unemotional
13. Billy can’t remember Jack Smith’s name because he wasn’t paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Billy’s poor memory is best explained in term of:
a) proactive interference b) encoding failure c) retroactive interference d) source amnesia.
14. The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information or the disruptive effect of old information when you’re trying to remember new information is called:: a) interference b) spacing effect c) serial position effect d) priming
15. Phililipe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth-grade teacher who flunked him. This kind of forgetting is called: a) motivated forgetting
b) proactive forgetting c) retroactive forgetting d) none of the above.
16. When asked leading questions after observing an accident, eyewitnesses often reconstruct their initial memories of the event. They do this not because they want to lie, but because they are influenced by: a) the serial position effect b) the spacing effect c) implicit memory d) the misinformation effect.
17. After having seen many pictures of the Empire state Building during his lifetime, Mr. Adams mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the Empire State Building. This best illustrates: a) source amnesia b) proactive interference c) self-reference effect d) state-dependent memory
18. When we fall in love, we tend to overestimate how much we liked our partner when we first began dating. This best illustrates the operation of: a) the spacing effect b) memory construction c) proactive interference d) all of the above.
19. The researcher most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning is: a) Pavlov b) Skinner c) Piaget d) Bandura
20. J. B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: a) observable behavior, b) cognitive processes, c) genetic predispositions, d) all of the above.
21. If the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the presentation of food, the child’s salivation to the sound of the can opener is: a) a conditioned response b) an unconditioned response c) an conditioned stimulus d) an unconditioned stimulus
22. The initial stage of classical conditioning during which a response to a neutral stimulus is established and gradually strengthened is called: a) association b) acquisition
c) shaping d) observational learning
23. Two-year old Phillip was recently clawed by the neighbor’s cat. Phillip’s newly developed tendency to fear all small animals demonstrates the process of: a) shaping b) stimulus generalization c) spontaneous recovery d) secondary reinforcement .
24 . Pavlov’s research on classical conditioning was important because: a) so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned b) so many different behaviors can be classically conditioned c) it demonstrated that a psychological process could be studied with laboratory objectivity d) all of the above reasons.
25. A pigeon (bird) was trained to peck on a dark red circle. He continued to peck on a light red circle and on a pink circle, but he stopped pecking when presented with a yellow circle. This is an example of: a) stimulus generalization b) acquisition c) stimulus discrimination d) none of the above
26. A patient who has long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ___________ of the patient’s fear: a) generalization b) latent learning c) shaping
d) extinction.
27. Julio’s mother has been giving him gold stars for keeping is bed dry all night. After about a week, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior illustrates the value of: a) classical conditioning b) spontaneous recovery c) operant conditioning d) observational learning
28. Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it helps to take away her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ____________reinforcer.
a) seconday b) partial c) negative d) positive
29. A trainer wants a pigeon to quickly learn to peck a button to obtain food. She also wants to be sure the behavior is resistant to extinction. So, she should use __________ reinforcement until the response is mastered followed by __________ reinforcement after the response is learned. a) positive; negative b) negative; positive c) continuous; partial d) partial; continuous
30. After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of: a) observational learning,
b) punishment c) negative reinforcement d) none of the above.
31. Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is aware of the importance of _________in his children’s development; a) shaping b) observational learning c) generalization
d) delayed reinforcement
32. Which of the following is false regarding Bandura’s concept of modeling: a) the social status of the model is very important, b) children are more likely to model their parents and teens to model their peers, c) modeling requires immediate reinforcement, d) none of the above.
